How does aromatherapy work?

How does aromatherapy work?

The mechanism of action of aromatherapy is based on the body's physiological and neurological responses to the chemicals contained in essential oils. The limbic system, responsible for emotions, memory, stress responses, and hormonal regulation, plays a key role.

The effect of aromatherapy on the brain

Inhaled essential oil molecules penetrate the olfactory epithelium in the nose, where they stimulate olfactory receptors. These impulses are then transmitted to the limbic system in the brain, which plays a key role in regulating emotions, memory, and stress response. Aromatherapy affects various structures of this system:

• Amygdala – responsible for emotional responses such as calming or arousal.
• Hippocampus – involved in the processes of remembering and recalling memories, which explains why smells can evoke specific emotions or memories.
  

However, aromatherapy affects not only these two structures, but also other important parts of the brain:

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and hormone release.

Aromatherapy can:

• Lower cortisol levels, which reduces stress.
• Stimulate the release of hormones such as endorphins, which improve mood.
  

Prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and emotional regulation, also responds to olfactory stimuli. Aromatherapy can:

• Help reduce stress by improving your ability to concentrate and make decisions.
• Regulate emotions in anxious or depressive situations.
  

Hill

The thalamus acts as a "relay station" in the brain, transmitting sensory information, including olfactory information, to other structures. This allows aromatherapy to:

• Increases attentiveness and perception of olfactory stimuli.
• Improves the ability to respond to smells in the context of emotions and memory.
  

Brain stem

The brainstem regulates basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate. Certain oils, such as lavender, can indirectly influence this structure, which:

• It lowers breathing and heart rate, promoting relaxation.
  

striatum

The striatum, part of the brain's reward system, is associated with pleasure and motivation. Aromatherapy can:

• Enhance positive emotions and sensual pleasure.

Aromatherapy works multidimensionally, influencing key brain structures and creating a complex synergy. The amygdala and hippocampus play a central role in emotional and memory processes, while the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and striatum support the regulation of mood, vital functions, and responses to olfactory stimuli. This allows aromatherapy to effectively support stress reduction, improved concentration, and overall well-being.

The effect of aromatherapy on the skin

Essential oils can also be applied topically to the skin, which opens up another mechanism of action. Transdermal application allows active substances to be absorbed into the bloodstream and have a direct effect on tissues and the lymphatic system. In this way, aromatherapy supports both skin health and overall bodily functions.

How do essential oils work on the skin?

Absorption through the stratum corneum of the epidermis

Although the skin provides a protective barrier, it allows small, lipophilic molecules, such as essential oil components, to penetrate. When oils are applied to the skin, their compounds can:

• Act locally, e.g. moisturizing, anti-inflammatory or regenerative.
• Penetrate deeper into the circulatory system, affecting the body at a systemic level.

Local therapeutic effect

Oils applied to the skin can:

• Soothes inflammation: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) is known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in fighting acne.
• Accelerate wound healing: Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) supports the regeneration of the epidermis and soothes irritations.
• Improve skin hydration and elasticity: Oils such as rosehip (Rosa damascena) contain ingredients that support healthy-looking skin.
  

Aromatherapeutic effect

Even when applied to the skin, aromatherapy affects the limbic system when the oils' scents are inhaled. The combination of topical and olfactory effects makes aromatherapy exceptionally versatile.

Rules for using oils on the skin

Dilution in base oils

Essential oils should always be diluted before application to avoid irritation or allergic reactions. Examples of carrier oils:

• Coconut oil.
• Almond oil.
• Argan oil.
  

Allergy tests

Before applying the oil, it is worth testing it on a small patch of skin to check whether it causes any allergic reactions.

Avoiding sun exposure

Some essential oils, especially citrus oils like orange, lemon, and bergamot, can be phototoxic. This means that when exposed to UV radiation, they can cause skin irritations such as redness, discoloration, or burns.

It is worth noting that the risk of phototoxicity also depends on the method of oil production:

• Cold-pressed oils (e.g. from citrus peels) have a higher risk of phototoxicity.
• Steam-distilled oils are less likely to cause this effect.
  

To use oils safely:

• Always read the information on the product label – manufacturers often provide warnings about phototoxicity.
• If unsure, avoid applying oils to your skin before sun exposure or tanning beds.

Examples of using oils on the skin

• In skin care: Rose oil improves elasticity and hydration, while lavender oil soothes irritations and supports regeneration.
  
• In massage: Oils such as eucalyptus or rosemary can have a relaxing effect on muscles and support recovery after exercise.
  
• For the treatment of inflammation: Tea tree oil can be applied topically to skin lesions such as acne or minor cuts.

The skin is not only a protective barrier but also a route for delivering active substances to the body. Aromatherapy through the skin combines localized care with systemic health support. However, it's important to use oils consciously, considering their potential phototoxicity and always following the label instructions. This allows aromatherapy to be a safe and effective tool supporting both beauty and well-being.

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