How does aromatherapy work?

How does aromatherapy work?

The mechanism of action of aromatherapy is based on the physiological and neurological reactions of the body to the chemical compounds contained in essential oils. The limbic system plays a key role, responsible for emotions, memory, stress reactions and hormonal regulation.

The Effects of Aromatherapy on the Brain

When inhaled, essential oil molecules penetrate the olfactory epithelium in the nose, where they stimulate olfactory receptors. These impulses are then transmitted to the limbic system in the brain, which plays a key role in regulating emotions, memory, and stress response. Aromatherapy affects different structures of this system:

• Amygdala – responsible for emotional responses such as calming or arousal.
• Hippocampus – involved in the processes of remembering and recalling memories, which explains why smells can evoke specific emotions or memories.
  

However, aromatherapy affects not only these two structures, but also other important parts of the brain:

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and hormone release.

Aromatherapy can:

• Lower cortisol levels, which reduces stress.
• Stimulate the release of hormones such as endorphins that improve mood.
  

Prefrontal cortex
The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and emotional regulation, also responds to olfactory stimuli. Aromatherapy can:

• Help reduce stress by improving your ability to concentrate and make decisions.
• Regulate emotions in anxious or depressive situations.
  

Hill
The thalamus acts as a "relay station" in the brain, transmitting sensory information, including olfactory information, to other structures. As a result, aromatherapy:

• Increases attentiveness and perception of olfactory stimuli.
• Improves the ability to respond to odors in the context of emotions and memory.
  

Brain stem
The brain stem regulates basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate. Some oils, such as lavender, can indirectly affect this structure, which:

• Lowers breathing and heart rate, promoting relaxation.
  

The striatum
The striatum, part of the brain's reward system, is associated with pleasure and motivation. Aromatherapy can:

• Enhance positive emotions and sensory pleasure.

Aromatherapy works multidimensionally, influencing key brain structures and creating a complex synergetic effect. The amygdala and hippocampus play a central role in emotional and memory processes, while the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, brain stem and striatum support the regulation of mood, vital functions and responses to olfactory stimuli. As a result, aromatherapy can effectively support stress reduction, improved concentration and general well-being.

The Effects of Aromatherapy on the Skin

Essential oils can also be applied topically to the skin, which opens up another mechanism of action. Application through the skin allows the active substances to be absorbed into the bloodstream and have a direct effect on the tissues and lymphatic system. In this way, aromatherapy supports both skin health and the functions of the entire body.

How do essential oils work on the skin?

Absorption through the stratum corneum of the epidermis

The skin, although a protective barrier, allows for the penetration of small, lipophilic molecules, such as the components of essential oils. When oils are applied to the skin, their compounds can:

• Have a local effect, e.g. moisturizing, anti-inflammatory or regenerative.
• Penetrate deeper into the circulatory system, affecting the body at a systemic level.

Local therapeutic effect

Oils applied to the skin can:

• Soothe Inflammation: Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) is known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, making it effective in fighting acne.
• Accelerate wound healing: Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) supports the regeneration of the epidermis and soothes irritations.
• Improve skin hydration and elasticity: Oils such as rose (Rosa damascena) contain ingredients that support healthy-looking skin.
  

Aromatherapy effect

Even when applied to the skin, aromatherapy works on the limbic system when the scents of the oils are inhaled. The combination of topical and scented effects makes aromatherapy exceptionally versatile.

Rules for using oils on the skin

Dilution in base oils

Essential oils should always be diluted before application to avoid irritation or allergic reactions. Examples of carrier oils:

• Coconut oil.
• Almond oil.
• Argan oil.
  

Allergy tests

Before applying the oil, it is worth doing a test on a small patch of skin to check whether it causes any allergic reactions.

Avoiding sun exposure

Some essential oils, especially citrus oils such as orange, lemon and bergamot, can be phototoxic. This means that when exposed to UV radiation, they can cause skin irritations such as redness, discoloration or burns.

It is worth noting that the risk of phototoxicity also depends on the method of oil production:

• Cold-pressed oils (e.g. from citrus fruit peels) have a higher risk of phototoxicity.
• Steam-distilled oils are less likely to cause this effect.
  

To use oils safely:

• Always read the product label – manufacturers often provide warnings about phototoxicity.
• If unsure, avoid applying oils to your skin before sun exposure or solarium exposure.

Examples of using oils on the skin

• In skin care: Rose oil improves elasticity and hydration, while lavender oil soothes irritations and supports regeneration.
  
• In massage: Oils such as eucalyptus or rosemary can have a relaxing effect on muscles and support recovery after exercise.
  
• For the treatment of inflammation: Tea tree oil can be applied topically to skin lesions such as acne or minor cuts.

The skin is not only a protective barrier, but also a way to deliver active substances to the body. Aromatherapy through the skin combines local care with systemic health support. However, it is worth using oils consciously, taking into account their potential phototoxicity and always following the information on the label. Thanks to this, aromatherapy can be a safe and effective tool supporting both beauty and well-being.

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